Cultura democrática e a exclusão da nação: uma análíse da crítica ao nacionalismo feita por habermas
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Tipo
TCC
Data de publicação
2020-12
Periódico
Citações (Scopus)
Autores
Binoto, Victor
Orientador
Bôas Filho, Orlando Villas
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Resumo
A conformação das democracias dentro dos contornos de Estados nacionais sugere uma relação intrínseca entre a categoria da nação e o conceito de soberania popular. No entanto, a premissa homogeneizante em que se baseia a definição de uma comunidade dita nacional, rejeita o caráter da universalização dos direitos implícita no conteúdo normativo da cidadania democrática ao promover reiteradamente a exclusão de minorias culturais. Considerando então a associação aparentemente intrínseca entre Estado e nação, seria inevitável que as democracias falhassem em incorporar disparidades culturais profundas? Este artigo tenta encontrar uma resposta a essa pergunta a partir das formulações teóricas do pensador alemão Jürgen Habermas. Será visto então que, partindo de uma leitura própria do republicanismo, feita segundo os princípios da teoria comunicacional, Habermas argumenta que a coesão entre cidadãos de um Estado democrático não se baseia em um conjunto de tradições compartilhadas, mas em uma cultura política comum na qual todos podem se reconhecer. Tal cultura política é formada no próprio processo deliberativo, correspondendo a tradução de princípios constitucionais universais através do diálogo intercultural dos cidadãos. Nesse sentido, uma democracia que almeje dar conta da diversidade cultural deve se desvencilhar da identidade política embasada no nacionalismo e passar a remeter o significado de sua cidadania a um patriotismo constitucional. Por fim, uma vez explicitado o sentido desse arcabouço conceitual à questão do multiculturalismo, serão feitas algumas considerações acerca da teoria democrática habermasiana, ressaltando a dinamicidade de seus termos e a centralidade que assume a ação coletiva comprometida com valores igualitários.
The conformation of democracies into the contours of nation states suggests an intrinsic relationship between the category of nation and the concept of popular sovereignty. However, the homogenizing premise on which the definition of a so-called national community is based rejects the character of the universalization of rights implicit in the normative content of democratic citizenship by repeatedly promoting the exclusion of cultural minorities. Considering then the apparently intrinsic association between state and nation, would it be inevitable that democracies would fail to incorporate deep cultural disparities? This article tries to find an answer to this question based on the theoretical formulations of the German thinker Jürgen Habermas. It will then be seen that, starting from a proper reading of republicanism, made according to the principles of communication theory, Habermas argues that the cohesion between citizens of a democratic state is not based on a set of shared traditions, but on a common political culture in which everyone can recognize themselves. Such a political culture is formed in the deliberative process itself, corresponding to the translation of universal constitutional principles through citizens' intercultural dialogue. In this sense, a democracy that seeks to account for cultural diversity must detach itself from its political identity based on nationalism and begin to consign the meaning of its citizenship to constitutional patriotism. Finally, once the significance of this conceptual framework to the issue of multiculturalism has been made explicit, some considerations will be made about the habermasian democratic theory, highlighting the dynamic nature of its terms and the centrality that collective action committed to egalitarian values assumes.
The conformation of democracies into the contours of nation states suggests an intrinsic relationship between the category of nation and the concept of popular sovereignty. However, the homogenizing premise on which the definition of a so-called national community is based rejects the character of the universalization of rights implicit in the normative content of democratic citizenship by repeatedly promoting the exclusion of cultural minorities. Considering then the apparently intrinsic association between state and nation, would it be inevitable that democracies would fail to incorporate deep cultural disparities? This article tries to find an answer to this question based on the theoretical formulations of the German thinker Jürgen Habermas. It will then be seen that, starting from a proper reading of republicanism, made according to the principles of communication theory, Habermas argues that the cohesion between citizens of a democratic state is not based on a set of shared traditions, but on a common political culture in which everyone can recognize themselves. Such a political culture is formed in the deliberative process itself, corresponding to the translation of universal constitutional principles through citizens' intercultural dialogue. In this sense, a democracy that seeks to account for cultural diversity must detach itself from its political identity based on nationalism and begin to consign the meaning of its citizenship to constitutional patriotism. Finally, once the significance of this conceptual framework to the issue of multiculturalism has been made explicit, some considerations will be made about the habermasian democratic theory, highlighting the dynamic nature of its terms and the centrality that collective action committed to egalitarian values assumes.
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Palavras-chave
nacionalismo , democracia , patriotismo constitucional , multiculturalismo , nationalism , democracy , constitutional patriotism , multiculturalism