Entregadores por aplicativo: como adaptar e proteger essa nova forma de trabalho
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Tipo
TCC
Data de publicação
2021-06
Periódico
Citações (Scopus)
Autores
Rocha, Isabela Balbino Piccoli
Orientador
Siqueira Neto, José Francisco
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Membros da banca
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Resumo
É inegável, mesmo à vista dos mais céticos, que as relações de trabalho se modificaram
ao longo dos anos, seja em razão do desenvolvimento e modernização dos postos de trabalho
ou até mesmo pelo advento da tecnologia no meio ambiente laboral, desnudando a legislação
obsoleta em vários aspectos, não mais refletindo a realidade.
O presente trabalho se debruça sobre a realidade das novas formas de trabalho das
plataformas digitais, especificamente sobre a problemática do vínculo estabelecido entre os
aplicativos de entrega intermediadores de serviços e os entregadores. O sistema econômico
capitalista em que se vive hoje possui um ritmo cíclico de disrupção que cria novos mercados
e novas formas de relação necessários para a sua própria manutenção. Sendo assim, o
surgimento do mercado de plataformas intermediadoras de serviços reflete mais um avanço
característico do referido sistema, já observado anteriormente com o surgimento de tecnologias
que revolucionaram os modos de produção, tal como as máquinas a vapor, a prensa e a internet
- que marca uma grande ruptura nos meios de produção e relações sociais.
Para executar a presente monografia foi preciso empreender um estudo aprofundado
acerca dos requisitos taxativos necessários à configuração do vínculo empregatício e à análise
sobre a estrutura da relação entre as plataformas digitais e seus prestadores de serviço, como o
Ifood por exemplo. Também foi necessário compreender o momento de ascensão do mercado
on damand digital para se ter a ideia de quais foram os aspectos principais que fomentaram o
desenvolvimento do serviço, bem como a atratividade para a iniciação dos empregados nesse
trabalho.
Notou-se, todavia, que essa nova categoria de trabalho oriunda das plataformas digitais
se encontrava desregulamentada e, por conta disso, ela sofreu as consequências da desproteção.
A legislação em vigor - Decreto-Lei nº 5.452, de 1º de maio de 1943 -, mesmo com as novidades
trazidas pela reforma trabalhista (Lei nº 13.467 de 13 de julho de 2017), não abarcou as novas
relações de trabalho surgidas a partir das inovações tecnológicas. Consequentemente, diante da
falta de regulamentação legal, o trabalho dos entregadores por aplicativos tornou-se alvo de
intensas discussões jurídicas acerca do tipo de relação estabelecida entre eles e seus
empregadores.
Nesse cenário, o Brasil vivencia momentos de intensa insegurança jurídica; ora o
vínculo empregatício é reconhecido, ora não. Fala-se também no regime celetista; por meio de
uma singela leitura dessa relação fática de emprego, nota-se que os empregados são
marginalizados e deixados à mercê do Direito Civil Contratual por serem enquadrados na
categoria de autônomos.
Essa realidade estimula a manutenção do sistema de contratação das plataformas
digitais, as quais se valem do ambiente favorável da desregulamentação para fixarem condições
de prestação de serviço mais vantajosas para si, de tal sorte que os trabalhadores ficam em
posição inferior e prejudicada, sem qualquer poder de negociação que objetive equilibrar a
relação.
Essa nova forma de trabalho não se adequa aos conceitos clássicos definidos em lei.
Um exemplo de tal dissonância é o próprio conceito de subordinação, que não atende o
tradicionalismo doutrinário, pois implica em um estado de dependência criado entre o
empregado e empregador, uma vez que estes, por sua vez, possuem autoridade sobre aqueles.
É cediço que os entregadores gozam de suposta liberdade na relação de trabalho,
contudo, ela não é suficiente para se desvincularem totalmente da dependência do empregador.
Por esse e outros motivos o debate acerca do tema é muito necessário, assim como a atualização
do Direito do Trabalho de modo a conferir as proteções legais necessárias para a dignidade
dessa nova forma de trabalho, respeitando-se sempre o limite da viabilidade econômica que
promove o desenvolvimento do mercado e da economia nacional.
It is undeniable, even in the sight of the most skeptical, that labor relations have changed over the years, either due to the development and modernization of jobs or even the advent of technology in the workplace, showing that the legislation is outdated in several aspects, no longer reflecting reality.This work deals with an analysis of the characteristics of the relationship between the new form of work of digital platforms, specifically on the problem of the relationship established between delivery applications service intermediaries and deliverers. The economic system in which we live, which is capitalism, has a cyclical rhythm of disruption, with the creation of new markets and new forms of relationships necessary for its own maintenance. Thus, the emergence of the intermediary service platform market reflects yet another distinctive feature of the system, observed previously with the emergence of technologies that revolutionized the modes of production, such as steam engines, the printing press, and even the internet, which marks a major disruption in the means of production and social relations. To write this monograph, it was required to study the exacting requirements for establishing the employment relationship and analyze the structure of the relationship between digital platforms and their service providers, such as Ifood.. It was also necessary to understand the moment of rise of the market on digital damand to understand what are the main aspects that have encouraged the development of the service, as well as the attractiveness for the initiation of employees at work. It was observed that the new category, which emerged from digital platforms, is unregulated today and suffers the consequences of unprotection because of this. The legislation in force, Decree - Law No. 5,452 of May 1, 1943, even with the news brought by the labor reform (Law 13,467 of July 13, 2017) does not cover the new labor relations resulting from technological innovations. Consequently, due to the lack of legal provisions establishing guidelines and rights, app delivery drivers are the subject of intense legal discussion about the type of relationship established with their employers. In this scenario, Brazil is experiencing a moment of intense legal insecurity, sometimes with the traditional employment relationship being recognized, through an adapted reading of the factual employment relationship, and sometimes employers being marginalized and left at the mercy of civil contractual law because they are classified in the category of self-employed. This reality encourages the maintenance of the contracting system of digital platforms, which take advantage of the attractive environment to set the conditions of service provision, placing workers in an inferior position and without the power to negotiate to improve and balance the relationship. It was identified that the new form of work does not fit the classic concepts defined by law. An example of this dissonance is the very concept of subordination, which in the traditional doctrinal mold implies a state of dependence created between the employee and the employer, who in turn has the authority to command, give orders and coordinate production. Delivery workers, on the other hand, enjoy a supposed freedom, but not enough to totally disengage themselves from dependence on their employer. For this and other reasons the debate about the theme is necessary, as well as the updating of labor law in order to confer the legal protections necessary for the dignity of labor, respecting the limit of economic viability that promotes the development of the market and of the national economy.
It is undeniable, even in the sight of the most skeptical, that labor relations have changed over the years, either due to the development and modernization of jobs or even the advent of technology in the workplace, showing that the legislation is outdated in several aspects, no longer reflecting reality.This work deals with an analysis of the characteristics of the relationship between the new form of work of digital platforms, specifically on the problem of the relationship established between delivery applications service intermediaries and deliverers. The economic system in which we live, which is capitalism, has a cyclical rhythm of disruption, with the creation of new markets and new forms of relationships necessary for its own maintenance. Thus, the emergence of the intermediary service platform market reflects yet another distinctive feature of the system, observed previously with the emergence of technologies that revolutionized the modes of production, such as steam engines, the printing press, and even the internet, which marks a major disruption in the means of production and social relations. To write this monograph, it was required to study the exacting requirements for establishing the employment relationship and analyze the structure of the relationship between digital platforms and their service providers, such as Ifood.. It was also necessary to understand the moment of rise of the market on digital damand to understand what are the main aspects that have encouraged the development of the service, as well as the attractiveness for the initiation of employees at work. It was observed that the new category, which emerged from digital platforms, is unregulated today and suffers the consequences of unprotection because of this. The legislation in force, Decree - Law No. 5,452 of May 1, 1943, even with the news brought by the labor reform (Law 13,467 of July 13, 2017) does not cover the new labor relations resulting from technological innovations. Consequently, due to the lack of legal provisions establishing guidelines and rights, app delivery drivers are the subject of intense legal discussion about the type of relationship established with their employers. In this scenario, Brazil is experiencing a moment of intense legal insecurity, sometimes with the traditional employment relationship being recognized, through an adapted reading of the factual employment relationship, and sometimes employers being marginalized and left at the mercy of civil contractual law because they are classified in the category of self-employed. This reality encourages the maintenance of the contracting system of digital platforms, which take advantage of the attractive environment to set the conditions of service provision, placing workers in an inferior position and without the power to negotiate to improve and balance the relationship. It was identified that the new form of work does not fit the classic concepts defined by law. An example of this dissonance is the very concept of subordination, which in the traditional doctrinal mold implies a state of dependence created between the employee and the employer, who in turn has the authority to command, give orders and coordinate production. Delivery workers, on the other hand, enjoy a supposed freedom, but not enough to totally disengage themselves from dependence on their employer. For this and other reasons the debate about the theme is necessary, as well as the updating of labor law in order to confer the legal protections necessary for the dignity of labor, respecting the limit of economic viability that promotes the development of the market and of the national economy.
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Palavras-chave
plataformas , tecnológicas , entregadores , vínculo , platforms , technological , deliverers , relationship