Justiça penal internacional e o ecocídio: a ampliação da competência material do Tribunal Penal Internacional para processar e julgar crimes ambientais
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Tipo
TCC
Data de publicação
2019-12
Periódico
Citações (Scopus)
Autores
Anjos, Pedro Henrique dos
Orientador
Scalquette, Rodrigo Arnoni
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ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Membros da banca
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Resumo
Inicialmente, é traçado um paralelo histórico sobre a Justiça Penal Internacional. Aborda-se com maior ênfase o período histórico do pós-Guerra, com os Tribunais ad hoc de Nuremberg e de Tóquio. Nas décadas que seguiram, também é abordado o processo de internacionalização dos direitos humanos, que se deu especialmente no âmbito da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). O Trabalho esmiúça o esforço da ONU na consolidação da Justiça Penal Internacional, sobretudo para se ter editado um Código de Crimes Internacionais e para se criar uma Corte Criminal Internacional permanente. É dado especial destaque a dois eventos de chocante crueldade que serviram de rica experiência para o desenvolvimento da Justiça Penal Internacional: a Guerra Civil Iugoslava e a Guerra Civil de Ruanda. Estes dois conflitos ensejaram a criação de duas Cortes Criminais Internacionais de bases ad hoc, que são detalhadamente explicadas no trabalho. São elas: o Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia (TPII) e o Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda (TPIR). É dissecado o processo de elaboração e ratificação do Estatuto de Roma, documento que formalmente instituiu e organizou o atual Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI) permanente. Em seguida, são analisados os principais dispositivos do Estatuto de Roma. Também é examinada a organização estrutural do Tribunal e a sua processualística. Logo após, explica-se o recente fenômeno de internacionalização da proteção ambiental, que culminou na criação do Direito Ambiental Internacional. Conjuntamente, são listados os principais documentos internacionais sobre o meio ambiente e, ainda, é estudada a jurisprudência da Corte Internacional de Justiça (CIJ) sobre os principais casos na seara do Direito Ambiental Internacional. A seguir, é dado um conceito sobre o “ecocídio”. Primeiro, o trabalho explica o ecocídio como crime internacional, dando tipificação à conduta. Depois, o ecocídio é explicado como desastre ambiental, momento em que são listadas algumas das mais impactantes catástrofes ambientais da história. Por fim, uma vez já visitados os temas da Justiça Penal Internacional e do Direito Ambiental Internacional, pode o Trabalho, em seu último capítulo, resolver a questão a que se destina: tratar da possibilidade ou impossibilidade de o ecocídio ser tido como um crime da competência material do TPI. O Trabalho, após minuciosa análise dos tipos penais do Estatuto de Roma, conclui pela impossibilidade de o ecocídio encontrar conformação típico-normativa com qualquer dos crimes da competência do TPI. Resultado lógico do trabalho, portanto, é no sentido de reforçar a urgente necessidade de emenda ao Estatuto de Roma, com vistas a alçar o ecocídio ao status de crime autônomo da competência material do TPI.
Initially, it is drawn a historical parallel concerning the International Criminal Justice. The post-War period is tackled with special emphasis when it comes to its ad hoc Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo. In the following decades, it is also tackled the internationalization process of human rights, which almost exclusively happened under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). The coursework details UN’s work in the consolidation of the International Criminal Justice, especially for the purposes of editing a Code of Offenses and creating a permanent Criminal Court. Two events of shockingly cruelty that served as rich experiments to the development of an International Criminal Justice are highlighted: The Yugoslav Wars and The Rwandan Civil War. Both conflicts contributed to the creation of two ad hoc Tribunals that are thoroughly explained in the coursework. They are: the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). The process of Rome Statute’s elaboration is dissected. The Rome Statute is the international legal document that formally instituted and organized the actual and permanent International Criminal Court (ICC). The most important articles of the Rome Statute are analyzed after. The ICC’s structure and its procedural are also examined. Right after, the recent phenomenon of international protection of the environment is explained, which later contributed to the creation of the International Environmental Law. Altogether, the most important international legal documents issuing the environment are listed and, also, the most relevant International Environmental Law cases in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are studied. Next step, a concept of ecocide is shown. First, the coursework explains ecocide as an international crime, giving the correct legal description for the act. Then, ecocide is explained as an environmental disaster, exact moment when a few of the most harrowing environmental catastrophes in history are listed. At last, once the themes of International Criminal Justice and International Environmental Law are already explained, the coursework is able, in the last chapter, to solve its very objective: to determine whether is possible or impossible for ecocide to figure as an international crime of the ICC’s jurisdiction. The coursework, after careful analysis of the Rome Statute‘s crimes, concludes for the impossibility of ecocide to conform its legal description with any of the criminal descriptions of the Statute. Logical result of the coursework is, thus, in the sense of reinforcing the urgent necessity of an amendment in the Rome Statute, aiming to elevate ecocide to the status of an autonomous crime of the ICC’s material jurisdiction.
Initially, it is drawn a historical parallel concerning the International Criminal Justice. The post-War period is tackled with special emphasis when it comes to its ad hoc Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo. In the following decades, it is also tackled the internationalization process of human rights, which almost exclusively happened under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). The coursework details UN’s work in the consolidation of the International Criminal Justice, especially for the purposes of editing a Code of Offenses and creating a permanent Criminal Court. Two events of shockingly cruelty that served as rich experiments to the development of an International Criminal Justice are highlighted: The Yugoslav Wars and The Rwandan Civil War. Both conflicts contributed to the creation of two ad hoc Tribunals that are thoroughly explained in the coursework. They are: the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). The process of Rome Statute’s elaboration is dissected. The Rome Statute is the international legal document that formally instituted and organized the actual and permanent International Criminal Court (ICC). The most important articles of the Rome Statute are analyzed after. The ICC’s structure and its procedural are also examined. Right after, the recent phenomenon of international protection of the environment is explained, which later contributed to the creation of the International Environmental Law. Altogether, the most important international legal documents issuing the environment are listed and, also, the most relevant International Environmental Law cases in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are studied. Next step, a concept of ecocide is shown. First, the coursework explains ecocide as an international crime, giving the correct legal description for the act. Then, ecocide is explained as an environmental disaster, exact moment when a few of the most harrowing environmental catastrophes in history are listed. At last, once the themes of International Criminal Justice and International Environmental Law are already explained, the coursework is able, in the last chapter, to solve its very objective: to determine whether is possible or impossible for ecocide to figure as an international crime of the ICC’s jurisdiction. The coursework, after careful analysis of the Rome Statute‘s crimes, concludes for the impossibility of ecocide to conform its legal description with any of the criminal descriptions of the Statute. Logical result of the coursework is, thus, in the sense of reinforcing the urgent necessity of an amendment in the Rome Statute, aiming to elevate ecocide to the status of an autonomous crime of the ICC’s material jurisdiction.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
international criminal justice , ad hoc tribunals , international criminal court , international environmental law , ecocide , rome statute’s amendment , justiça penal iInternacional , tribunais ad hoc , tribunal penal internacional , direito ambiental internacional , ecocídio , emenda ao estatuto de Roma