A justiça de transição e a memória histórica como instrumentos de combate ao negacionismo na construção dos direitos humanos
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Tipo
TCC
Data de publicação
2023-06
Periódico
Citações (Scopus)
Autores
Oliveira, Aparecida de Jesus
Orientador
Pereira, Flávio de Leão Bastos
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ISSN da Revista
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Resumo
A ditadura militar no Brasil foi caracterizada por uma violação sistemática dos direitos
humanos, incluindo tortura, desaparecimentos forçados e execuções. Nesse período da história
do país, que durou mais de 20 anos (de 1964 a 1985), o governo justificou tais ações como
necessárias para combater uma suposta ameaça comunista e manter a segurança nacional. No
entanto, a grande maioria dos presos, torturados, mortos e desaparecidos era de ativistas
políticos pacíficos, estudantes, sindicalistas e outros membros da sociedade civil que se
opunham ao regime. Mesmo assim, a luta armada ganhou em intensidade após a decretação do
Ato Institucional n°5 (AI-5), que eliminou os espaços políticos a partir de dezembro de 1968.
Assim, ao contrário de países como Argentina, Alemanha, África do Sul, dentre outros, o país
enfrenta até os dias atuais resistência significativa em reconhecer a extensão das atrocidades
cometidas, particularmente entre alguns segmentos da sociedade. Fator de ordem jurídica que
pode ser considerado uma das causas para a impunidade de perpetradores e, portanto, da
ausência de prestação de justiça (uma das cinco fases da Justiça de Transição é a punição dos
perpetradores), pode ser identificado na Lei de Anistia (Lei n° 6.683, de 28 de agosto de 1979),
que concedeu anistia tanto aos exilados e perseguidos pelo regime, como também aos agentes
do que cometeram crimes políticos e crimes com eles conexos, dificultando a efetivação da
prestação de justiça para ex-presos políticos, sobreviventes e familiares, especialmente após o
julgamento da ADPF 153 pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), que julgou válida a
mencionada Lei de Anistia em 2010, ainda que, no mesmo ano, a Corte Interamericana de
Direitos Humanos tenha decidido pela sua nulidade (Caso Gomes Lund). Uma das principais
consequências advindas da desconsideração ao passado traumático, nas sociedade, é o
negacionismo, ou seja, a tentativa de perpetradores em apagar provas e vestígios dos crimes
lesa-humanidade cometidos. Todavia, nos últimos anos, os que lutam contra esse cenário
identificam no resgate da memória coletiva (Maurice Halbwachs) o escudo indispensável para
combater o negacionismo, além de defender o direito à verdade, à justiça e à reparação.
Referido conjunto de ideias inclui a criação de museus, memoriais e outras iniciativas, que têm
como intuito dar à sociedade brasileira ciência dos acontecimentos da sua história para que ela
se aproprie da sua própria identidade. Tal premissa é essencial para a construção de uma
sociedade justa, que faz as pazes com o seu passado e é alicerce para a efetivação dos direitos
humanos.
The military dictatorship in Brazil was characterized by a systematic violation of human rights, including torture, forced disappearances and executions. In this period of the country's history, which lasted more than 20 years (from 1964 to 1985), the government justified such actions as necessary to combat a supposed communist threat and maintain national security. However, the vast majority of those arrested, tortured, killed and disappeared were peaceful political activists, students, trade unionists and other members of civil society who opposed the regime. Even that the armed forces gained in intensity after the Institutional decree Act n°5 (AI-5), which eliminated political spaces from December 1968 onwards. Thus, unlike countries like Argentina, Germany, South Africa, among others, the country still faces significant resistance to recognize the extent of the atrocities committed, particularly among some segments of society. A legal factor that can be considered one of the causes for the impunity of perpetrators and, therefore, the absence of justice (one of the five phases of Transitional Justice is the punishment of perpetrators), can be identified in the Amnesty Law (Law nº 6683, of August 28, 1979) and which granted amnesty both to those exiled and persecuted by the regime, as well as to agents of the regime who committed political crimes and crimes related to them, making it difficult to provide justice to former political prisoners, survivors and family members, especially after the judgment of ADPF 153 by the Federal Supreme Court (STF), which considered the inclusion of the Amnesty Law valid in 2010, even though, in the same year, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights decided to its nullity (Case Gomes Lund). One of the main consequences arising from disregard for the traumatic past in society is denialism, that is, the attempt by perpetrators to erase evidence and traces of crimes against humanity committed. However, in recent years, those who fight against this scenario have identified the rescue of collective memory (Maurice Halbwachs) as an indispensable shield to combat denialism, in addition to defending the right to truth, justice and reparation. These ideas include the creation of museums, memorials and other initiatives, which aim to make Brazilian society aware of the events of its history so that it can appropriate its own identity. Such a premise is essential for building a fair society, which makes peace with its past and is the foundation for the realization of human rights.
The military dictatorship in Brazil was characterized by a systematic violation of human rights, including torture, forced disappearances and executions. In this period of the country's history, which lasted more than 20 years (from 1964 to 1985), the government justified such actions as necessary to combat a supposed communist threat and maintain national security. However, the vast majority of those arrested, tortured, killed and disappeared were peaceful political activists, students, trade unionists and other members of civil society who opposed the regime. Even that the armed forces gained in intensity after the Institutional decree Act n°5 (AI-5), which eliminated political spaces from December 1968 onwards. Thus, unlike countries like Argentina, Germany, South Africa, among others, the country still faces significant resistance to recognize the extent of the atrocities committed, particularly among some segments of society. A legal factor that can be considered one of the causes for the impunity of perpetrators and, therefore, the absence of justice (one of the five phases of Transitional Justice is the punishment of perpetrators), can be identified in the Amnesty Law (Law nº 6683, of August 28, 1979) and which granted amnesty both to those exiled and persecuted by the regime, as well as to agents of the regime who committed political crimes and crimes related to them, making it difficult to provide justice to former political prisoners, survivors and family members, especially after the judgment of ADPF 153 by the Federal Supreme Court (STF), which considered the inclusion of the Amnesty Law valid in 2010, even though, in the same year, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights decided to its nullity (Case Gomes Lund). One of the main consequences arising from disregard for the traumatic past in society is denialism, that is, the attempt by perpetrators to erase evidence and traces of crimes against humanity committed. However, in recent years, those who fight against this scenario have identified the rescue of collective memory (Maurice Halbwachs) as an indispensable shield to combat denialism, in addition to defending the right to truth, justice and reparation. These ideas include the creation of museums, memorials and other initiatives, which aim to make Brazilian society aware of the events of its history so that it can appropriate its own identity. Such a premise is essential for building a fair society, which makes peace with its past and is the foundation for the realization of human rights.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
justiça de transição , memória , ditadura , ditadura militar , transitional justice , memory , dictatorship , military dictatorship