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Análise de medidas fisiológicas e comportamentais durante a leitura de textos por disléxicos e bons leitores
Barbosa, Anna Carolina Cassiano (2013-01-22)
Psicologia
A dislexia do desenvolvimento é um distúrbio de aprendizagem que abrange alterações comportamentais e cognitivas tais como leitura lenta e com erros de inversões de letras e sílabas. A análise de medidas fisiológicas durante a leitura pode auxiliar na compreensão dos déficits apresentados por disléxicos. Dentre as principais medidas fisiológicas relacionadas com a análise visual dos itens lidos destacam-se padrões de movimentos oculares e variações do diâmetro pupilar. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar medidas comportamentais e fisiológicas de disléxicos e bons leitores durante a leitura de textos. Participaram do estudo 16 crianças, sendo 8 disléxicos e 8 bons leitores, com idade média de 10,71 anos (dp=1,799) e 10,57 anos (dp= 1,761) respectivamente. Os sujeitos leram 4 textos diferentes na tela de um computador com equipamento de análise dos movimentos oculares. Os resultados revelaram que disléxicos apresentaram desempenho inferior aos bons leitores nas provas de leitura, escrita e consciência fonológica. Assim, disléxicos apresentam dificuldades na identificação rápida de palavras, cometeram confusões por semelhança visual e auditiva, e demonstram prejuízos em consciência fonológica. Além disso, levaram mais tempo para executar as tarefas. Análises das medidas fisiológicas revelam que a duração média das fixações foi maior para os disléxicos. Análise da variação pupilométrica indica que bons leitores não apresentaram variação no diâmetro da pupila nos 4 textos, mas os disléxicos apresentaram contração pupilar no Texto 1.
Análise do padrão dos movimentos oculares em tarefas de leitura: relações entre processamento lexical, sintático e semântico
Rosa, Alexandre Tadeu Faé (2016-08-16)
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS)
Discourse, in all its modalities, is constituted based upon a certain hierarchy of different linguistic levels. The meaning of a linguistic element is always expressed in the relationship triggered by two or more elements which, however belonging to different levels, acquire a link. In this manner, through a hierarchy of dependence, diverse levels distinguish themselves via the logical mechanisms of implications. This doctorate thesis aims at showing the results of behavioural and eye tracking data during the reading of three different levels: (a) the lexical level which was studied with a lexical decision task in which behavioural data was correlated to the pattern of eye movements in the reading of words, non-words and pseudowords; (b) the syntactic level which was investigated with the reading of correct sentences (CS), sentences with the exchange of word order (WO) and sentences with concordance inversions (CI); (c) the semantic level, studied through sentences which can either be ambiguous or not. Behavioural data in the lexical decision test show that reaction time is higher to words than to non-words and pseudowords. The same pattern is present in the efficiency index in the task. Correctness are higher to non-words than to words and pseudowords. Data obtained from eye movements showed that words have higher fixation times than non-words, but pseudowords are not statistically different. The number of fixations is higher to pseudowords than to words and to pseudowords than to non-words. In the syntactic decision task, behavioural data show that there is no statistical significance for reaction time. Correct sentences are the ones which have a greater number correct hits, followed by sentences with word order inversion and sentences with concordance inversions, respectively. CS show higher efficiency index than CI and WW is also higher than CI. According to eye movements data, there is no difference in the number of fixations. However, time of fixation for CS is higher than for CI and for WW. CI and WW are not statistically different. For the semantic awareness task, behavioural data show that ambiguous sentences are read faster than sentences which have the action related to the object, but not for sentences whose the action is related to the subject. Eye movements data show that ambiguous sentences present a correlation between average number of fixations and reading time. For subject related sentences, the number of fixations is lower than for the ambiguous sentences and for object related sentences. However, the average fixation time is higher. Object related sentences present an average number of fixations lower than ambiguous sentences, but the average fixations time is higher. The part of the sentence related to the subject in ambiguous sentences present a correlation between number and time of fixation. The higher the number of fixation, the higher the time dedicated to these fixations. Subject related sentences present an average time of fixation which is similar to the ambiguous sentences, but the number of fixations is lower. For object related sentences, the number of fixations is lower than for the ambiguous sentences and time of reading is higher. The object of ambiguous sentences present a negative correlation between the number and time of fixation. The higher the number of fixation, the lower the time for fixation. Subject related sentences present a fixation time lower than the time of ambiguous sentences, but they present a similar number of fixations. For subject related sentences, the number of fixations is similar to the number of fixations of object related sentences, although the former present a lower time of fixations. When it comes to the reading of the subsequent sentence, ambiguous sentences present a negative correlation between the number and time of fixations. The higher the number of fixations, the lower the time. For subject related sentences, the subsequent sentence presents a number of fixations which is similar for the subsequent sentences in the ambiguous stimulus. Finally, for the subsequent sentence of object related sentences, the number of fixations is higher than the number of fixations in the subject related stimulus and lower than the ambiguous stimulus, but the time of fixation is higher than in the other two types of sentences.
Desenvolvimento e investigação da eficácia de um programa de intervenção para a promoção de funções executivas em alunos do 5º ano do ensino fundamental
Flor, Cristiane Marx (2020-08-20)
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS)
Executive functions (EF) are a family of interrelated processes that enable the management of new situations and adjustment to changes in a quick and flexible way. Over the years, EF have been better predictors of school achievement, health, wealth and life quality than IQ or social economic status. At school, EF are vital for learning processes, and are regularly required in many different situations of the school day- by-day context. Even though there are many scientific evidences about the importance of EF, executive function processes have not been taught at schools, in an explicit and systematic way. The purpose of this study was to create and assess a program to promote EF called “Stop and Think”, addressed to 5th grade students. Study 1 presents the construction process and search for the program’s validity evidences. The executive processes that are target of intervention in the program are: Metacognition; Emotional Regulation; Organization; Planning/Prioritizing; Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility. Moreover, the program’s activities were created based on 5th grade Mathematics and Portuguese Language curriculum content and grounded in the Brazilian’s National Basis of Common Curriculum. The program’s first version was submitted to the assessment of judges to verify its clarity, relevance and adequacy of the activities’ levels for 5th graders. After the judges’ assessment, the first version of the program was revised and reedited. The final version has 34 sessions that should be inserted in the regular curriculum of 5th grade Mathematics and Portuguese Language. Study 2 had the purpose to assess the efficacy of the program’s intervention to promote skills related to EF in students from a public school. The participants were 55 5th grade students, divided in an Intervention Group (IG) and a Control Group (CG). All participants were assessed before and after the intervention with the following inventories and scales: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) - Teachers’ and Parents’ versions, Students’ Self-Perception Inventory towards Studies (SSPIS), My Strengths and Weaknesses towards Studies Questionnaire, and the grades in Mathematics and Portuguese Language provided by the school. The IG’s teacher participated in a 20-hour training with the researcher and mediated 22 sessions of the program, 3 times a week, in school’s regular schedule. Repeated measures of ANOVAs were conducted to compare both groups’ measures before and after intervention. IG presented significative gains in the Global Index of BRIEF- Teachers’ version, as well as in the following subscales: Organization of Materials, Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility. Positive and significant changes were observed in IG through SSPIS Total Index, as well as in its subscales of Self-regulation and Cognitive Flexibility. Additionally, IG showed superior results when compared to CG in the Portuguese Language grades. However, significant differences in BRIEF-Parents’ version were not seen, neither in Mathematics’ grades. The results show the programs’ positive effects to promote EF components as reported by teachers and students, with academic achievement impact in Portuguese Language.
Efeitos do baixo peso ao nascer no desenvolvimento da linguagem e do comportamento de crianças em situação de vulnerabilidade social
Pacheco, Maria de Jesus Torres (2018-02-01)
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS)
The effects of low birth weight on the development of language and behavior of preschool and school children living in situations of social vulnerability are addressed in this study carried out in the neighborhood of Vila Embratel in São Luís, Maranhão. The study focuses on the study of expressive and receptive languague as well as behavioral changes under environmental influences. Objective: To identify children with low birth weight and adequate birth weight in situations of social vulnerability and to evaluate the effects on the development of language and behavior. Hypotheses: Sociodemographic characteristics present correlations with language development and behavior as a function of birth weight classification; the receptive and expressive language as well as the behavior suffer interference from the ponderal classification. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study. A total of 103 children aged between 36 and 94 months, with a mean age of 56.8 (SD=15.0) months, 54 were female, participated in the study. All participants lived in the Vila Embratel neighborhood in São Luís - MA. Those born with low birth weight and adequate weight were identified from the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) and community schools. The parents answered the following instruments: 1) QBAI - Brazilian Child Environment Questionnaire; 2) CBCL – Child Behavior Checklist; 3)ABC- Autism Behavior Checklist. The children's language was evaluated through the following tests: 1) PPVT - Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; 2) TENA - Automatic Naming Test; 3) TELEX - Expressive Language Test; 4) Child Appointment Test; and 5) Phonological Awareness Test for Preschoolers. The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale was used as an intelligence measure. Results: It is noted that the LBW group presented the average of 1977,38 g and the ABW group presented the average of 3263.86. No differences were found between the two groups for gender, age, mother's age, family income, time attending preschool and mother's schooling. As for the time of gestation, significant differences were found between the groups. The QBAI results show a significant difference in numbers of games and learning books. The ABW group had 4 to 5 toys or books while the LBW group had 5 to 7. The children of the LBW group had a lower performance on the intelligence test, but not on language tests. There was a higher prevalence of participants with internalizing problems in the LBW group. Regression analysis showed that environmental factors accounted for 20% of the intelligence score; 44% of the vocabulary evaluated by TVIP; 14% of phonological awareness and 35% of Rapid Automatized Naming; 33% of the expressive language evaluated by TELEX. No effects of environmental factors on CBCL and ABC scores were identified. Conclusion: Low birth weight had an effect on the intelligence test, but not on language and behavioral tests. Regression analysis shows significant relationships between environmental factors and aspects of language and intelligence.
Estudo comportamental e eletrofisiológico de crianças e adultos com dislexia do desenvolvimento em uma tarefa de decisão lexical
Oliveira, Darlene Godoy de (2014-07-31)
Psicologia
Developmental Dyslexia has a main deficit the effective word recognition, which is a complex cognitive processing due perceptual skills, language and later stages of syntactic and semantic integration. Among the wide range neurobiological evidence related this disorder in childhood and across life-span, event-related potential measures indicates differentiated pattern in amplitudes, latencies and hemispheric processing in different stages of sensory/perceptual, orthographic, phonologic and semantic processing. These electrophysiological evidences are related to behavioral deficits and to reading compensatory mechanisms in Dyslexia. The present thesis aimed to verify and compare the behavioral and electrophysiological pattern of adults (Study 1) and children and adolescents (Study 2) with and without Dyslexia during a Lexical Decision task. The sample of Study 1 comprised by 20 dyslexics and 23 normal readers with college degree. In Study 2, twenty dyslexic children and adolescents and twenty normal readers were included. All participants were matched for gender, age and educational level and performed a battery of intelligence, reading, writing and phonological awareness tasks. The lexical decision task was composed by regular high frequency words in Brazilian Portuguese, quasi-words derived from real words and pseudowords not derived from real words. Behavioral results in both studies revealed that dyslexics had worse accuracy and increased reaction times in all lexical categories. ERPs analysis of Study 1 indicated greater amplitudes in right P100 for both groups. The N170, N400 and LPC were reduces on the left hemisphere for dyslexics. N400 and LPC were higher for words and quasi-words, stimuli that are represented on orthographic and phonological lexicon. Correlations data in all sample verified reduced N170 and LPC left amplitudes associated with good performance in behavioral reading, writing and phonological awareness tests. GD with slow behavioral performance exhibited higher N170 and N400 on left hemisphere. Study 2 results indicated greater P100 on right hemisphere for all lexical categories in all sample, and reduced for DG. N170 were higher at left side and for quasi-words. N400 were higher for words and quasi-words, as well reduced in left hemisphere for DG. LPC were higher in left hemisphere for pseudowords and reduced in dyslexics. Correlational results revealed reduced left N170, N400 and LPC in dyslexics with slow behavioral performance. Controls with slow performance exibithed higher P100 amplitudes, as well higher left N400 if they had higher reading skills. Generally, ERP analysis indicated lacks of hemispheric specialization in dyslexics. The absence of ERP group differences on Study 2 can be related to developmental reading fluency processes, although we verified positive correlations between higher linguistic ERP amplitudes and better behavioral performances for both children and adults. We conclude that dyslexic children and adults present differenciated ERP amplitudes and hemispheric distribution during reading in Brazilian Portuguese.
Funções executivas e tomada de decisão em crianças do ensino fundamental I
Caterino, Ana Paula (2018-08-23)
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS)
Funções Executivas podem ser definidas como um conjunto de habilidades que são utilizadas em situações cotidianas a fim de controlar pensamentos e ações direcionadas a um objetivo específico. Essas habilidades têm grande importância e influência no desenvolvimento emocional e cognitivo durante a infância e a adolescência. Deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o desempenho em testes de funções executivas frias e a habilidade de tomada de decisão em crianças do Ensino Fundamental I de idade entre 6 a 10 anos. Participaram do estudo 146 estudantes de duas escolas particulares da Grande São Paulo. Para avaliação da habilidade de tomada de decisão foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos Iowa Children Gambling Task e a Delay of Gratification (postergação de gratificação) adaptada. Para avaliação das Funções Executivas frias (controle inibitório, flexibilidade cognitiva, memória de trabalho e planejamento): Teste dos Cinco Dígitos, Teste de Fluência Verbal, Teste de Nomeação Alternada Rápida, Teste da Figura Complexa de Rey, Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo Verbal de Rey. Os resultados revelam diferenças significativas em função da idade para todas as medidas relacionadas com os processos de tomada de decisão no Children Gambling Task, mas não para a prova de Delay of Gratification. Para as funções executivas frias, os resultados mostram diferenças significativas para todas as medidas obtidas com o Teste dos Cinco Dígitos e de tempo de realização dos testes de nomeação alternada rápida. Para o teste de Fluência Verbal foi observada diferença para o número de itens evocados que começavam com uma letra específica. Os resultados no teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo Verbal mostrou diferença em todos os itens, exceto para a prova de reconhecimento. Por fim, foram observadas diferenças significativas para o número de itens corretos no Teste de Figura Complexa de Rey, mas não foram observadas diferenças no tempo de realização do teste. Em todos os resultados, os escores das crianças mais velhas foi melhor do que o das crianças mais novas, sendo que, de modo geral, crianças de 6 e 7 anos de idade tenderam a apresentar desempenho semelhante. Além disso, crianças de 9 e 10 anos também tenderam a ter padrão de resposta semelhante nos testes. Dessa forma, o presente estudo corrobora com dados encontrados anteriormente e mostram mudanças significativas nessa faixa etária.
Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities affects Strategies revealed by Eye Movements in Tasks with Answer Choices
Laurence, Paulo Guirro (2021-11-04)
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS)
Resumo somente em inglês.
Rapid automatized naming and phonological awareness: the predictive effect for learning to read and write and their relationship with developmental dyslexia
Silva, Patrícia Botelho da (2020-03-04)
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS)
Among the predictors of reading, rapid automatized naming (RAN) and phonological awareness (PA) are the best predictors. The predictive effect of these abilities is different, and they predict different aspects of reading, being dependent on the orthographic regularity of the language as well as the student’s level or grade in school. The double deficit theory describes these two components as impaired in people with dyslexia and reading disabilities. Longitudinal studies that analyze cognitive processes supporting the development of reading and literacy are important for understanding processes in good readers as well as will help mitigate the effects of dyslexia and reading disability. The present thesis pursues two major aims. The first aim is to analyze the structure and predictive effect of RAN and PA skills on reading and writing tasks in Brazilian Portuguese in two studies. Study 1 sought to investigate the structure of RAN tests for Brazilian Portuguese throughout its development according to age. The results were important in determining the bidimensional model (alphanumeric and non-alphanumeric) throughout development of age and development of literacy. In addition, the results showed that the period between kindergarten and elementary school may show greater development of RAN skills in conjunction with literacy learning. In Study 2, we sought to investigate the predictive effect of PA and RAN on the development of reading and writing ability in Brazilian Portuguese. The results showed that RAN ability was a better predictor than PA of reading and writing skills for Brazilian Portuguese in relation to reading and writing speed. In addition, the type of stimulus of RAN influenced the predictive effect. Alphanumeric RAN better predicts reading, while non-alphanumeric stimuli predict writing.
Verificação das propriedades psicométricas da bateria de visualização e raciocínio da Leiter-R em crianças dos 2 aos 8 anos e nos distúrbios do desenvolvimento
Mecca, Tatiana Pontrelli (2013-12-10)
Psicologia
Uma das possibilidades de avaliar a inteligência de pessoas com distúrbios do desenvolvimento é por meio de testes não-verbais como Escala Internacional de Inteligência Leiter-R. Os objetivos do presente deste estudo foram verificar evidências de validade e fidedignidade da Leiter-R para crianças dos 2 aos 8 anos de idade, pertencentes a escolas públicas e privadas, bem como em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down (SD) e Transtornos do Espectro do Autismo (TEA). Foram avaliadas 695 crianças de escolas regulares da cidade de São Paulo. Os coeficientes de Kuder-Richardson e Método das Metades com correção de Spearman-Brown mostram-se adequados para a amostra geral. Mas a precisão variou entre os subtestes de acordo com cada faixa etária. Foram verificadas correlações, em geral, de magnitude moderada entre teste-reteste. Análise Fatorial exploratória indicou 2 fatores na Leiter-R, corroborando o modelo de estrutura interna do teste. Análises de variância foram conduzidas e revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as idades, com aumento progressivo dos escores. Diferenças significativas também foram observadas entre crianças de escolas públicas e particulares. Entretanto, não foram verificadas diferenças de gênero para o escore total e para os subtestes. Foram realizadas Correlações de Pearson entre a Leiter-R e outros instrumentos que avaliam inteligência, bem como outros construtos. Os resultados indicaram correlações com testes que avaliam inteligência, sendo maiores valores observados com o teste SON-R 2½-7[a]. O desempenho na Leiter-R também se correlacionou com memória de trabalho, escrita em pré-escolares, e com nomeação rápida de objetos. Análise de Regressão Linear verificou a capacidade preditiva da Leiter-R em habilidades acadêmicas de leitura de palavras e aritmética. O segundo estudo verificou o perfil na Leiter-R de crianças com SD e com TEA. Participaram 30 crianças com SD e 40 com TEA pareados com grupo controle por sexo, idade (em meses) e tipo de escola. Os resultados apontaram para diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre SD e controle, indicando que a Leiter-R é capaz de discriminar grupos com diferentes níveis de funcionamento intelectual. Nos TEA diferenças foram observadas para o grupo controle em tarefas de raciocínio indutivo e sequencial, discriminação e síntese visual. Mas não foram observadas diferenças em tarefas com demandas visuo-espaciais. Análises intra-grupo mostraram perfis diferentes dos grupos clínicos em relação ao perfil dos controles, indicando possíveis áreas de forças e fraquezas. Nos TEA também foi verificada heterogeneidade de perfis a partir de análise de clusters e comparação entre eles. Observaram-se correlações entre a Leiter-R, funcionamento adaptativo e sintomas relatados pelos cuidadores. Por fim, análise de funcionamento diferencial do itemapontou DIF para alguns itens, em sua maioria a favor do grupo com SD. Desta forma, os resultados do presente estudo mostraram adequação das propriedades psicométricas da Leiter-R e da sua utilização em indivíduos com distúrbios do desenvolvimento.

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