Transições e rupturas na teoria do valor: uma revisão de clássicos, Marx e marginalistas
Carregando...
Tipo
TCC
Data de publicação
2024-12-11
Periódico
Citações (Scopus)
Autores
Rocha, Lucas Gabriel Teodozio
Orientador
Bruno, Miguel Antônio Pinho
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Membros da banca
Programa
Resumo
Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar as transições e rupturas na teoria do valor, percorrendo as contribuições dos economistas clássicos, de Karl Marx e dos denominados de marginalistas. Partindo da questão "Por que uma teoria do valor?", busca-se compreender como diferentes formulações desse conceito moldaram debate acerca do valor ao longo do tempo e a própria ciência econômica. A metodologia adotada é do tipo survey, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica de obras fundamentais dos autores abordados e artigos acadêmicos. O primeiro capítulo examina as contribuições dos economistas clássicos, como Adam Smith e David Ricardo, que conectaram o valor ao trabalho incorporado na produção de mercadorias. Ricardo, em especial, refinou a análise ao explorar a relação entre trabalho e valor, destacando os impactos da produtividade. No segundo capítulo, analisa-se como Marx avançou em relação à teoria do valor-trabalho, introduzindo conceitos como trabalho abstrato e mais-valor, que fundamentam sua crítica ao capitalismo. O terceiro capítulo aborda a ruptura dos assim denominados de marginalistas, que deslocou o foco da produção para o consumo, enfatizando a utilidade marginal e a escassez como determinantes do valor. Autores como Jevons, Menger e Walras contribuíram para essa nova perspectiva, introduzindo a subjetividade nas análises econômicas e formulando uma teoria do equilíbrio geral. Além de explorar as divergências entre as teorias do valor-trabalho e do valor-utilidade, identificou-se a produtividade como um ponto de convergência, visto sua relação inversa com o valor. Assim, conclui-se que a teoria do valor não é apenas um conceito técnico, mas uma construção teórica profundamente enraizada nas condições históricas e sociais com o principal objetivo de explicar, de forma satisfatória, as origens do lucro, permanecendo assim um elemento central para a compreensão das dinâmicas econômicas da lógica sistêmica capitalista.
The main objective of this paper is to analyze the transitions and ruptures in the theory of value, covering the contributions of classical economists, Karl Marx and the so-called marginalists. Starting from the question "Why a theory of value?", the paper seeks to understand how different formulations of this concept have shaped the debate about value over time and economics itself. The methodology adopted is a survey, based on bibliographic research of fundamental works by the authors discussed and academic articles. The first chapter examines the contributions of classical economists, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo, who connected value to the labor embodied in the production of goods. Ricardo, in particular, refined the analysis by exploring the relationship between labor and value, highlighting the impacts of productivity. The second chapter analyzes how Marx advanced in relation to the labor theory of value, introducing concepts such as abstract labor and surplus value, which underpin his critique of capitalism. The third chapter addresses the rupture of the so-called marginalists, who shifted the focus from production to consumption, emphasizing marginal utility and scarcity as determinants of value. Authors such as Jevons, Menger and Walras contributed to this new perspective, introducing subjectivity into economic analyses and formulating a theory of general equilibrium. In addition to exploring the divergences between the theories of labor value and utility value, productivity was identified as a point of convergence, given its inverse relationship with value. Thus, it is concluded that the theory of value is not just a technical concept, but a theoretical construction deeply rooted in historical and social conditions with the main objective of explaining, in a satisfactory manner, the origins of profit, thus remaining a central element for understanding the economic dynamics of the capitalist systemic logic.
The main objective of this paper is to analyze the transitions and ruptures in the theory of value, covering the contributions of classical economists, Karl Marx and the so-called marginalists. Starting from the question "Why a theory of value?", the paper seeks to understand how different formulations of this concept have shaped the debate about value over time and economics itself. The methodology adopted is a survey, based on bibliographic research of fundamental works by the authors discussed and academic articles. The first chapter examines the contributions of classical economists, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo, who connected value to the labor embodied in the production of goods. Ricardo, in particular, refined the analysis by exploring the relationship between labor and value, highlighting the impacts of productivity. The second chapter analyzes how Marx advanced in relation to the labor theory of value, introducing concepts such as abstract labor and surplus value, which underpin his critique of capitalism. The third chapter addresses the rupture of the so-called marginalists, who shifted the focus from production to consumption, emphasizing marginal utility and scarcity as determinants of value. Authors such as Jevons, Menger and Walras contributed to this new perspective, introducing subjectivity into economic analyses and formulating a theory of general equilibrium. In addition to exploring the divergences between the theories of labor value and utility value, productivity was identified as a point of convergence, given its inverse relationship with value. Thus, it is concluded that the theory of value is not just a technical concept, but a theoretical construction deeply rooted in historical and social conditions with the main objective of explaining, in a satisfactory manner, the origins of profit, thus remaining a central element for understanding the economic dynamics of the capitalist systemic logic.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
clássicos , Karl Marx , marginalistas , teoria do valor , valor-trabalho , utilidade , classical economists , marginalists , theory of value , labor theory of value , utility theory