Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016

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dc.contributor.authorBikson M.
dc.contributor.authorGrossman P.
dc.contributor.authorThomas C.
dc.contributor.authorZannou A.L.
dc.contributor.authorJiang J.
dc.contributor.authorAdnan T.
dc.contributor.authorMourdoukoutas A.P.
dc.contributor.authorKronberg G.
dc.contributor.authorTruong D.
dc.contributor.authorBoggio P.
dc.contributor.authorBrunoni A.R.
dc.contributor.authorCharvet L.
dc.contributor.authorFregni F.
dc.contributor.authorFritsch B.
dc.contributor.authorGillick B.
dc.contributor.authorHamilton R.H.
dc.contributor.authorHampstead B.M.
dc.contributor.authorJankord R.
dc.contributor.authorKirton A.
dc.contributor.authorKnotkova H.
dc.contributor.authorLiebetanz D.
dc.contributor.authorLiu A.
dc.contributor.authorLoo C.
dc.contributor.authorNitsche M.A.
dc.contributor.authorReis J.
dc.contributor.authorRichardson J.D.
dc.contributor.authorRotenberg A.
dc.contributor.authorTurkeltaub P.E.
dc.contributor.authorWoods A.J.
dc.date.accessioned2024-03-13T00:52:32Z
dc.date.available2024-03-13T00:52:32Z
dc.date.issued2016
dc.description.abstract© 2016 Elsevier Inc.This review updates and consolidates evidence on the safety of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Safety is here operationally defined by, and limited to, the absence of evidence for a Serious Adverse Effect, the criteria for which are rigorously defined. This review adopts an evidence-based approach, based on an aggregation of experience from human trials, taking care not to confuse speculation on potential hazards or lack of data to refute such speculation with evidence for risk. Safety data from animal tests for tissue damage are reviewed with systematic consideration of translation to humans. Arbitrary safety considerations are avoided. Computational models are used to relate dose to brain exposure in humans and animals. We review relevant dose–response curves and dose metrics (e.g. current, duration, current density, charge, charge density) for meaningful safety standards. Special consideration is given to theoretically vulnerable populations including children and the elderly, subjects with mood disorders, epilepsy, stroke, implants, and home users. Evidence from relevant animal models indicates that brain injury by Direct Current Stimulation (DCS) occurs at predicted brain current densities (6.3–13 A/m2) that are over an order of magnitude above those produced by conventional tDCS. To date, the use of conventional tDCS protocols in human trials (≤40 min, ≤4 milliamperes, ≤7.2 Coulombs) has not produced any reports of a Serious Adverse Effect or irreversible injury across over 33,200 sessions and 1000 subjects with repeated sessions. This includes a wide variety of subjects, including persons from potentially vulnerable populations.
dc.description.firstpage641
dc.description.issuenumber5
dc.description.lastpage661
dc.description.volume9
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.brs.2016.06.004
dc.identifier.issn1876-4754
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.mackenzie.br/handle/10899/35934
dc.relation.ispartofBrain Stimulation
dc.rightsAcesso Aberto
dc.subject.otherlanguageElectrical stimulation
dc.subject.otherlanguageMood disorders
dc.subject.otherlanguageSafety
dc.subject.otherlanguagetDCS
dc.subject.otherlanguagetDCS safety
dc.subject.otherlanguageTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation
dc.titleSafety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016
dc.typeArtigo de revisão
local.scopus.citations876
local.scopus.eid2-s2.0-84977638390
local.scopus.subjectAnimals
local.scopus.subjectBrain
local.scopus.subjectComputer Simulation
local.scopus.subjectEpilepsy
local.scopus.subjectEvidence-Based Practice
local.scopus.subjectHumans
local.scopus.subjectModels, Animal
local.scopus.subjectStroke
local.scopus.subjectTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation
local.scopus.updated2024-05-01
local.scopus.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84977638390&origin=inward
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